It’s easier than ever to use your phone to report other people’s lawbreaking and, in some cases, even make money from the process.
Содержимое
- Catching speeders
- Cash for catching polluters
- Kickstarter for cops
A new smartphone app will allow members of the public to submit evidence of speeding drivers to police forces. New York City also lets you upload videos of idling trucks. But experts say that the growing number of such apps raises many ethical questions.
“Authorities have often also offered rewards for information regarding serious crimes and bad guys,” Mark Weinstein, a privacy expert, told Digital Trends in an interview. “But training our fellow citizens to spy on each other and report infractions as a common practice and means of generating income essentially turns our privacy-by-constitution democratic society into a tattletale authoritarian culture where respect and trust of each other are replaced with privacy=-infringing tattlers.”
Catching speeders
The app meant for use in the U.K., called Speedcam Anywhere, can also be used on tablets and is currently being tested by volunteers from the nonprofit, which works for lower speed limits.
In the U.K., uploading videos from in-car dash cams and cyclist headcams has been used for some years to report road crimes, and police have set up web portals to upload such videos.
Now Speedcam Anywhere allows the uploading of videos that report the speed of vehicles taken by a pedestrian using a smartph1. It is not the smartphone itself that measures the pace, but an AI analysis of the video and identification of video frames with timestamps.
Rod King, the founder of 20’s Plenty for Us, told Digital Trends in an interview that the use of the speeding app is similar to a member of the public witnessing someone trying to break into a house by smashing a window.
“I wonder what you would suggest a ‘good citizen’ would do,” he contended. “Walk on by and not get involved, apprehend the person involved, or report it to the police. I think most agree that a good and careful citizen would call the police.”
Tom McNamara, the head of Apex Privacy, a global privacy compliance firm, said in an interview that he disagreed with the app’s approach.
“Humans are private beings and need space,” he added. “A feeling of constant observation makes people act differently. Between smartphones tracking online behavior and a feeling of constantly being watched, it may have an impact on how people live their lives, and the outcome does not tend to be law-abiding citizens, more like suspicious and paranoid.”
Cash for catching polluters
New York City residents can make big bucks by reporting trucks idling illegally while making deliveries. The online citizen reporting program the NYC Department of Environmental Protection launched in 2019 is called the Citizens Air Complaint Program. The program allows ordinary New Yorkers to receive a monetary reward for their “enforcement efforts.”
Emissions from idling gasoline and diesel motor vehicle engines can cause health problems, including asthma, respiratory issues, and cardiovascular harm, according to the agency’s website.
Citizens can reap the rewards by shooting a video showing a commercial vehicle idling for more than three minutes. They then log on to the city’s Idling Complaint System to file and track their complaint.
The fine for a first-time offender is $350, and more for repeat offenders. A 25-percent cut of the penalty is paid to the person who shot the video and filed the complaint.
Weinstein said he doesn’t question the regulation behind the program as “it seems reasonable and has good health benefits for the citizenry.”
But, Weinstein said, “if enforcement is so profitable as is in the case of the idling trucks for the citizen crime-busters, then to maintain the common goodwill and public trust of each other, the authorities ought to hire new employees to enforce the нормативные документы."
Kickstarter for cops
The new apps that allow the public to report violations are part of a massive data revolution, Evyatar Ben Artzi, the CEO of Darrow, a software company that scours the web for evidence of legal violations, told Digital Trends in an interview. He said that legal professionals, whether private law firms or state-run enforcement agencies, are starting to understand the need to harness data applications.
“Every day, countless violations take place, from cancer-causing air pollution to data breaches endangering sensitive information to defective medications causing irreversible damage — it's near impossible to find them in the sea of data, let alone build a case around them,” Artzi сказал.
Юридические ученые называют эту тенденцию краудсорсинга нарушения данных, которые иногда используются для отслеживания нарушений прав человека. «Это увеличивает возможность попадания в совершенствование нарушения и, следовательно, сдерживает плохие актеры неверным, - сказал Артзи. «Это может принести справедливость в случаях, которые в противном случае будут игнорироваться».
Artzi утверждает, что в то время как нарушения краудсорсинга могут помочь сохранить крупные предприятия в проверке и поддержке прав человека в гражданских спорах, он обладает значительными недостатками при использовании для источников уголовных вопросов, в которых государство является прокурором, а физические лица, как правило, являются обвиняемыми.
«Существует огромный дисбаланс сил между государством и индивидуальным подсудимым в уголовном деле», - сказал Артзи. «Поощрение наблюдения со стороны граждан в повседневной жизни дает государству еще больше власти над физическими лицами и увеличивает уже огромное силовое несоответствие в уголовном процессуальном процессе».
Краудсорсинг юридических приложений может создать «культуру навигания», где люди перестают думать как отдельных людей и начинают рассматривать себя как длинные руки государства, сказал Артзи.
«Это имеет охлаждающий эффект на том, как мы ведем себя. Ощущение наблюдения за изменениями людей и сокращает свободу, - добавил Артзи. И давайте не будем забывать американский идеал справедливой пьесы: использование общественности к краудсорсированию уголовных нарушений вполне может позволить государству обходить некоторые процессуальные ограничения, что уголовное право развивалось за последние 200 лет ».
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